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In-text references (or citations) appear in the body of your assessment and show where you have included information from another source such as a book, webpage or article.
You should insert an in-text reference whenever you directly quote a source, paraphrase a quote, or write about an idea or concept you have taken from another author.
Each in-text reference needs to include the author’s surname and the year of publication. If there is no author you can use the title of the work or the organisation that produced the work in the author’s place.
Page number(s) should also be included for direct quotes and paraphrased information if available.
If you’re using the APA system, your in-text references should be formatted like this:
Robinson (2008) has argued that “…” (p. 25).
OR
This was seen in a study (Smythe, 2001, p. 112) ...
If you’re using the Harvard system, you in-text references should be formatted like this:
The assumption that a child’s personality is largely molded by parental nurturing has been challenged (Homer 2003, p. 27).
OR
It was argued by Shaw in 2007 (pp. 1-33) that parents do not mold the personality of their children to any significant extent.
For more examples and referencing tips please see our referencing guides